Kidney Stones: Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, and More

Did you know that kidney stones are 12% prevalent worldwide and in India in general. Particularly in northern India, a 15% prevalence indicates that it is relatively more common in this region Source. Many people may end up with loss of kidney function due to late diagnosis and improper treatment.

This statistic highlights the importance of awareness and education about kidney stones.

Kidney stones, a common yet often misunderstood health issue, affect most of the Indian population. Many people are unaware of their symptoms, causes, and preventive measures, which can lead to potential health complications if left untreated. Understanding this condition can help with early diagnosis and timely treatment.

In this guide, we'll cover the symptoms to watch out for, the common causes behind kidney stones, how they are diagnosed, and what you can do to prevent them. By the end of this article, you'll be better equipped to recognize and manage kidney stones to ensure a healthier approach to your well-being.

What are Kidney Stones?

Kidney stones, also known as renal calculi, are solid masses formed from crystals in the kidneys. They result from substances in the urine becoming highly concentrated and crystallizing over time. These stones can vary in size, from minute grains of sand to large stones several centimeters in diameter.

Depending on their size and location, stones can either pass unnoticed through the urinary tract or cause severe pain and other symptoms when they obstruct the flow of urine.

To better understand the occurrence of stones, you should also know about the workings of kidneys in our bodies. Kidneys filter waste products and excess substances from the blood to form urine. However, when the balance of water, salts, minerals, and other substances in the urine is disrupted, kidney stones can form. Other factors, such as dehydration, dietary habits, certain medical conditions and genetic predispositions can also contribute to this imbalance.

There are several symptoms of kidney stones, particularly if they move into the ureters—the narrow tubes that carry urine from kidneys to the bladder. When a stone obstructs the ureter, it can cause intense pain and other complications. Recognizing the symptoms and understanding the causes is essential for timely diagnosis and treatment.

What are the Symptoms of Kidney Stones?

While some stones may pass through the urinary tract unnoticed, others can cause severe pain and discomfort. Here are the common kidney stone symptoms you should be aware of:

What are the Causes of a Kidney Stone?

Here are the primary causes behind the development of kidney stones:

What are the Types of Kidney Stones?

What are the Risk Factors for Kidney Stones?

• Insufficient fluid intake leading to concentrated urine
• High intake of oxalate-rich foods, sodium, or protein, and low intake of calcium or fluids
• Metabolic changes associated with obesity including insulin resistance and altered calcium metabolism
• A family history of kidney stones or a personal history of previous stone formation
• Conditions, such as hyperparathyroidism, gout, and inflammatory bowel disease
• Certain medications, such as diuretics, calcium-based antacids, and antiretroviral drugs
• Structural abnormalities in the urinary tract, such as kidney malformations or urinary obstructions
• Living in hot climates or engaging in activities that lead to excessive sweating and dehydration

More About the Diagnosis of Kidney Stones

Diagnosing kidney stones typically involves medical history evaluation, physical examination, and diagnostic tests. Here's what you can expect during the diagnosis process:

• Medical History
• Physical Examination
• Diagnostic Tests
  1. Ultrasound to create images of the kidneys and urinary tract to identify the presence and location of stones
  2. CT scan to provide detailed images of the kidneys and urinary tract for precise visualization of kidney stones, even small ones
  3. X-ray to detect certain types of stones, particularly those composed of calcium
  4. Urinalysis to detect the presence of blood, crystals, or other substances
  5. Stone analysis once it is passed or removed to determine its composition
• Pain Assessment
• Differential Diagnosis

More About the Kidney Stones Treatment

Treatment for kidney stones depends on their size, type, and location. Here's an overview of the treatment options available:

1. Watchful Waiting

2. Pain Management

   Over-the-counter pain relievers may be prescribed to alleviate discomfort associated with kidney stone pain.

3. Medications

   Depending on the type of kidney stone and underlying causes, medications may be prescribed to help prevent stone formation or assist in stone passage. These include alpha-blockers, thiazide diuretics, and antibiotics.

4. Ureteroscopy

   It is a minimally invasive procedure in which a thin, flexible scope is used to reach the stone in the ureter or kidney. The stone can then be removed or fragmented using lasers or other instruments.

5. Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy (PCNL)

   It is a surgical procedure performed under general anesthesia, in which a small incision is made to access the kidney directly. The stone is then removed or fragmented using specialized instruments.

6. Lifestyle Modifications

   Making dietary and lifestyle changes, such as increasing fluid intake, reducing salt and animal protein consumption, and avoiding certain foods high in oxalates or purines, can help prevent recurrent kidney stones.